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Wabash Railroad. 



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ops ^LilABiAN Position 



CHAS. M. HAYS, General Manager, 
F. CHANDLER, Gen'l Passenger and Ticket Agent, 
C. S. CRANE, Ass't Gen'l Pass'r and Ticket Agent, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 





PUBLISHED BY THE 

I^^Wabash R.R. 






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BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



T^HE magnificent City of White, reared as if by magic within 
two years, at Jackson Park, when viewed in connection 
with the broad stretch of Lake Michigan and the pkcid surface 
of sparkling lagoons, takes on a truly Venetian aspect. The 
brightest ideas of the foremost architectural talent of America 
take form in the imposing edifices which lend additional charm 
to the attractive landscape. Standing on an elevation such as 
the one afforded by the dome of the Administration building, 
the visitor sweeps with his gaze 600 broad acres of improved 
land. Shrubbery, flowers and spacious lawns surround each 
structure, and, in contrast with the whiteness of the buildings, 
heighten most delightfully the effect on the observer's vision. 
Picturesquely grouped in the northern portion of the vast area 
of green. are the State buildings and the pleasant headquarters 
of the foreign nations. Conspicuous among the State club- 
houses is the building erected by the State of Illinois, costing 
upwards of $250,000 out of a total appropriation of $800,000 by 
the State Legislature. In this locality, and in the old improved 
part of Jackson Park, is the Palace of Fine Arts, the only 
building on the grounds which is made of brick. Absolutely 
fireproof, it is designed to house the art treasures of the world. 



Across the lagoon from the Palace of Fine Arts is the United 
States Government building, which is separated from the Fish 
and Fisheries structure by a broad channel. The most promi- 
nent building in the collection of massive structures is the 
Manufactures, or Main building, a giant among giants. The 
pier, extending into the lake, is 1,000 feet long, and affords a 
landing place for excursion steamers. The grand avenue 
extends westward through the park from the pier and is 
several hundred feet wide. A mile distant down this boulevard 
is the central building of the entire group, the Administration. 
Close at hand is the one dense spot in the park where 
primitive nature is preserved. This is the Wooded Island, 
which is to afford an attractive site for the unique exhibit 
from Japan. The southwestern section of the park affords 
location for the numerous railroad tracks bunched in the 
terminal station. The Horticultural and Transportation build- 
ings are to the northward and enter the visitor's vision soon 
after he lands within the grounds. Still north of them, and 
adjoining the part reserved for State buildings, is the Woman's 
edifice, which, with its tenants, will lend lustre to what was, 
not long since, a desolate waste. 



^^^ 




BIRD'S-EYE VIEW WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO, 1893. 



THE DEPARTURE OF COLUMBUS FROM PALOS. 



1\ /TORE than four hundred years ago it was, or to be exact, on 
the third day of August, 1492, that the great discoverer set 
sail from Palos pier, on the voyage that was to change the course 
of history, and give a new world to civilization. Thus far- 
reaching were the results of his daring enterprise. But no one 
then, not even the explorer himself, could anticipate such 
wonderful effects. Three little vessels formed the fleet, and 
they were manned by but 120 sailors. The largest ship, the 
Santa Maria, on ivhich flew the admiral's pennant, was of 
about 100 tons burden, while the other two, the Pinta and the 
Nina, were still smaller vessels, called caravels, with no decks 
amidships, but built high out of the water at stem and stern. 
The boats were unseaworthy as well as small, and the Pinta 
unshipped her rudder before they reached the Canary Islands. 
This departure of Columbus for his voyage over the 
"unknown sea" was the culmination of years of . effort 
and his final success came only when he was almost at 
the extremity of discouragement. His labors to secure recog- 
nition for his advanced theories began in early manhood. In 
Lisbon the Genoese was living before he was thirty years of 
age, having abandoned his roving life and settled down to 




making a living by drawing maps and sea-charts. He married 
the daughter of a renowned navigator, and inheriting his charts, 
became by their study more and more convinced of the truth of 
his theories as to the rotundity of the world and the possibility 
of reaching India by sailing westward. Then began his wander- 
ings from court to court — Genoa, Portugal and Spain receiving 
him but coldly, as one who in our day would be called a "crank." 
It was at the end of his efforts before the monarchs, Ferdinand 
and Isabella, when he had actually turned his back upon Spain 
to go to England with the offer of his plans, that a messenger 
from the queen called him back to her. Her promise to pledge 
her private jewels if necessary for the expenses of fitting up 
the ships, was the means of procuring ships and men, and so 
the great discovery was saved for Spain. Two of the little 
ships were commanded by the brothers Pinzon, who had been 
friends to Columbus during his later years of effort. Their fame 
has come to this day because of the help they gave to Columbus, 
and the confidence in him that they displayed. And so as we 
see the sailors rowing "the admiral of the ocean seas" off to his 
ship, there on the pier of Palos is the good Prior extending his 
hands in blessing of commander and fleet and undertaking. 




COLUMBUS' DEPARTURE FROM PALOS. 



THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 



"pHE crowning glory of all the great structures of the 
World's Columbian Exposition is the Administration build- 
ing, which is pictured on the opposite page. It is the most ornate 
of the main buildings and has been pronounced by every one 
the gem of all the jewels of the fair. With its great golden 
dome thrust far on high it dominates as well as illuminates the 
court at the head of which it stands. It has the most com- 
manding position of all on the grounds. The architect of the 
structure is that masterly artist, Richard M. Hunt, of New 
York. The building is in the form of four pavilions, one at 
each of the four angles of the square of the plain and connected 
by a great central dome, 125 feet in diameter and 250 feet 
high. In the center of each fagade is a recess 32 feet wide, 
within which is a grand arched entrance to the building. The 
general design is in the style of the French renaissance, carried 
out in the academic manner of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. The 
first great story is on the Doric order and of heroic proportions 
surmounted by a lofty balustrade. Externally the design may 
be divided, in its height, with three principal stages. The first 
stage corresponds in height with the buildings grouped around 
It, which are about sixty-five feet high. The second stage of the 



same height is a continuation of the central rotunda, 175 feet 
square, surrounded on all sides by an open colonnade 20 feet 
wide and 40 feet high, with columns four feet in diameter. The 
third stage consists of the base of the great dome, and the dome 
itself, rising in graceful lines richly ornamented with moulded 
ribs and sculptured panels. This dome is coated with aluminum 
bronze, the cost of which was $54,000. On each side of the 
great entrance are groups of sculpture. The interior features 
rival in beauty the exterior. Just within each grand entrance is 
a hall provided with broad stairways and swift elevators. The 
interior of the dome rises 200 feet from the floor, and an open- 
ing, so feet square, admits a flood of light. It is enriched with 
panels filled with sculptures and immense paintings, repre- 
senting the arts and sciences. The corner pavilions appear 
small in the picture, but they are really four-story office build- 
ings and they contain the offices of administration, the fire 
and police departments, board and committee rooms, post- 
office, bank and restaurant, and rooms for public comfort. 
Noble interior and exterior galleries at great height make 
delightful stations for a bird's-eye view of all that is within 
range of vision. 



ADNHNISXRAXION. 








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f i 




Area, One and Six-Tenths Acres. Cost, $450,000. 
Dinnensions, 260 x 260 Feet. 



THE LANDI\C OF COLUMBUS. 



A CROSS a waste of waters the Pinta, the Nina and the Santa 
Maria sailed for more than two months before the result for 
which their commander was striving was attained. At the end of 
the first month of the voyage they reached the Canary Islands. 
After that they passed many desolate days on the sea, with the sail- 
ors discontented by day and weeping by night. It took all of the 
tact that Columbus had at his command to quiet them. Once the 
sailors plotted to throw him overboard, but he was keen and watch- 
ful, and his dignity held them in check. At length, however, he 
was obliged to tell them that if they saw no land for three days he 
would consent to turn back. Imagine the anxiety that he felt after 
giving that promise. Was it possible that he would be forced to 
give up all his long-nursed hopes and forego the glory of discov- 
ery, and all because of a handful of fearful and ignorant sailors? 
But the outcome was as strange as a miracle. In the morning of 
the third day a sailor standing aloft with his seaman's glass espied 
land. The joy guns were fired to let the men upon the other ves- 
sels know of this wondrous fact. They sailed all day toward land. 
Anchor was cast over night, and the following morning Columbus 
was rowed to the shore. Music and waving banners accompanied 
the cortege. High above all floated the great, golden standard 



of Ferdinand and Isabella. What blame can there be if at 
such a time there came to Columbus a thought of triumph, that he 
had proven himself right in his theories, that he had won eternal 
fame for himself, and that those nations which had rejected his 
services, and those men who had sneered at him, would now be 
cast down at the thought of their loss? Is there any man so 
great that he would not in such a circumstance feel the same 
thrill of pride? And so the commander and his seamen landed 
upon the island of the south, which they named San Salvador, on 
the morning of October 12, 1492. With sword and cross they took 
possession of it for civilization and Christianity. We do not know 
at this day whether the land that he first reached was that which 
we call San Salvador or not. The natives called it Guanahani. 
It was a flat island with a shallow lake in the center and not 
especially inviting, so the men sailed on and visited Cuba, Hayti 
and others of the West Indies. Columbus did not doubt that 
he had found Cathay. But though this was a mistake, and though 
other voyagers, the Norsemen, had reached the continent hun- 
dreds of years before, yet the credit of discovery is due to Colum- 
bus, for he led the way for modern navigators, and so opened the 
Western Hemisphere to occupation and civilization. 




LANDING OF COLUMBUS. 



THE U. S. GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 



"VTATIONAL legislation and national investment have been 
liberal to the World's Fair, and thus has been guaranteed 
the promise that the enterprise would be national in character, 
rather than local. It was the invitation sent to all nations by 
the President of the United States to participate in the Expo- 
sition that gave the immense impetus to the foreign exhibitors 
who are now represented so magnificently in the great build- 
ings; and the structure which has been erected by the Govern- 
ment for the display of its own exhibits is one of the grandest 
of all the host. Its location is a delightful one, as it stands 
near the lake and facing the beautiful open lawn which is 
called the Government Plaza. It is on this lawn that all mili- 
tary drills and other reviews will be given. The buildings of 
England, Germany and Mexico are near by, to the northward. 
The most prominent architectural feature of this edifice is 
an imposing central dome, 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet 
high, the floor of which has been kept free from exhibits and is 
used for a popular promenade. The building fronts to the 
west and connects on the north, by a bridge over the lagoon, 
with the building of the Fisheries exhibit, which by its very 
natuie is largely governmental in character. The south half 



of the Government building is devoted to the exhibits of the 
Postoffice Department, Treasury Department, War Depart- 
ment and the Department of Agriculture. The north half is 
devoted to the interests of the Fisheries Commission, Smith- 
sonian Institution and Interior Department. The State De- 
partment exhibit extends from the rotunda to the east end, and 
the exhibit of the Department of Justice from the rotunda to 
the west end of the buildmg. Adjoining the building are four 
other governmental exhibits, which are at the same time for 
practical use on the grounds. One is the Army Hospital, 
another is the Weather Bureau building, another is the Light 
House, and the fourth is the Life-Saving Station. These are 
not, by any means, the least interesting portion of the entire 
exhibit. To most of us, who have not been office-holders and 
do not want to be, the Government at Washington is something 
very far away and very unfamiliar. The kind of familiarity 
that breeds contempt is not to be desired, but if this exhibit, 
made by the great departments of our Government, can better 
acquaint the people with the methods and work which they 
are doing, as the intention is, it is certainly one of the best 
features of the whole Exposition. 



U. S. aOVERNNIENT. 




Area, Three and Four-Tenths Acres. Cost, $400,000, 

Dimensions, 350 x 420 Feet. 



BALBOA DISCOVERING THE PACIFIC. 



'"PHE earlier navigators who set sail from Europe to explore 
the unknown lands across the deep, from the time of Colum- 
bus himself, expected and desired only to find the rich regions of 
the Orient and the countries bordering upon the "South Sea." 
Columbus thought that he had reached the goal of his ambition, 
and until his death believed that he had discovered the coasts 
of the Indies. To him, those seas that he sailed were the waters 
that washed the shores of Cipango and Cathay. But it was 
reserved for another voyager, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, to gain 
the first sight granted to European of the eastern confines of 
that great sea whose western waves lave the lands of the Orient. 
Balboa was a Spaniard, an excellent specimen of that class 
of freebooter-discoverers who overran the southern half of the 
New World, and of which Pizarro and Cortez, who were fitted for 
tlieir future careers in the same school and region with Balboa, 
were still more brilliant instances. To escape from his creditors 
in Hispafiola, he concealed himself on board a vessel bound for 
the Caribbean Sea. By his intrigues and force of character, 
he had soon deposed the commander of the expedition and 
raised himself to the supreme rule. From the son of a 
chief he learned that to the west there was another sea. In 



September, 15 13, he started from Darien to find it. Hostile 
tribes of Indians blocked his way at every step, and the party 
had to literally hew its way through flesh. At length the 
invaders reached a high mountain from the top of which, the 
Indians said, the southern sea was in sight. Balboa ordered 
his men to halt while he climbed up alone. Far beneath him, 
on the other side, lay the blue ocean, sparkling and glorious in 
the sunlight, stretching as far as the eye could reach. It was 
for this that all the great navigators of the world had been 
searching for nearly twenty years, and Balboa fell to the 
ground and gave thanks to God. Then in an ecstacy of delight 
he beckoned his followers to come to him, and pointed out his 
wonderful discovery. He declared that all the country round 
about belonged to the King of Spain. Then, after other days 
of effort, he reached the waters themselves, and marching in 
up to his thighs, he claimed the ocean and all the lands on its 
shores for the same ruler. He was appointed by the King to 
be Adelantado over the sea he had discovered, and continued 
the explorations of the western coast; but five years later he 
was beheaded by the Governor of Darien after the mockery of 
a trial. He fell a victim to jealousy. 




BALBOA DISCOVERING THE PACIFIC. 



MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS. 



■pEN almost fails, and one hesitates at the effort, to describe the 
leviathanof the structures of the Exposition, the Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts building. It is not that the building is intricate 
or complex in its architecture — it is simply its immensity that 
appals, and the mass of interesting details that must be condensed 
to a minimum. It is the largest house that the world contains. To 
walk ai-ound it is to travel a mile. The great trusses of the roof, 
the greatest ever built, have a span of 382 feet. The height of them 
over the center of the floor is 212 feet. It contains 17,000,000 feet 
of lumber, 12,000,000 pounds of steel in the trusses over the central 
hall, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron in the roof of the nave. It will 
be seen that this is one instance in which statistics are interesting. 
The architect who designed the building, George B. Post of New 
York, did not at first include the vast roof, now one of the wonders 
of the world. Instead was included a central court with the 
features of a garden; but when more space was demanded than 
was included in the outer pavilions which contained the court, the 
ai chitect drew a charcoal line over the plan of the building, mark- 
ing a curve that bridged the central space. That stroke of the 
charcoal added $450,000 to the cost of the building. It is four times 
larger than the old Roman Colosseum, which seated 80,000 persons. 



It required five carloads of nails to fasten the 215 carloads of 
flooring to the joints. There are eleven acres of skylights and 
forty carloads of glass in the roof. The long array of columns 
and arches which its fa9ades present, is relieved from monotony 
by very elaborate ornamentation. In this, female figures 
symbolical of the various arts and sciences, play a conspicuous 
and attractive part. The four great entrances are designed in 
the manner of triumphal arches, the central arch of each being 
forty feet wide and eighty feet high. At each corner are pavil- 
ions forming arched entrances, in harmony with the great portals. 
The building occupies the most conspicuous place in the 
grounds. It faces the lake with nothing except lawns and 
promenades between. North of it is the Government building, 
south the harbor, and west the Electricity building and the 
lagoon separating it from the great island, which in part is 
wooded and in part radiant with acres of flowers of varied hue. 
The exhibits that are displayed within this edifice are so 
numerous and varied that the visitor may spend weeks in 
viewing them without exhausting the pleasure. Here mind 
and muscle are united, and whatever machinery or inventions 
have accomplished is displayed in its perfection. 



MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS. 




i ..:■ ■] 



Area, Forty-Four Acres. Cost, $1,500,000. 

Dimensions, 787 x 1687 Feet. 



DE SOTO DISCOVERING THE MISSISSIPPI. 



/^F all the romantic and dramatic episodes in the history of dis- 
^^covery and exploration in America, none surpasses in interest 
the great expedition of Fernando de Soto, its results and its ending. 
De Soto was one of the most energetic and venturesome of all 
the Spanish grandees who sought gold in the new-found lands. 
He had gone to Peru with Pizarro, and, starting from Spain like 
many others with nothing but "blade and buckler," had come back 
with wealth. In spite of the disastrous results of every expedition 
to Florida, the adventurous Spaniards still believed in the value 
of the country, and that somewhere in its interior were to be 
found enormous riches. De Soto appeared at court, and, with 
a band of followers in gorgeous attire, made lavish display of 
the wealth he had won in Peru. He was given a commission 
as Adelantado of Florida, and was permitted to enlist followers 
for taking possession of the country. Gentlemen of high birth 
and soldiers of fortune from all over Spain and Portugal flocked 
to join him, and there seemed to be a real craze for going on 
this trip. Some went so far as to sell their estates to buy an 
interest and an outfit for the expedition. After a year's prepar- 
ation in Spain and the West Indies, the expedition sailed from 
Havana, and on the 30th of May, 1539, landed at Tampa Bay. 



Then began the wonderful march. It was more than four 
years from that time before the survivors returned to their 
friends m Cuba, and brought the first news of the expedition. 
During those years the Spaniards had laboriously fought their 
way through portions of what are now the states of Florida, 
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas and Loui- 
siana. They worked westward, until in the summer of 1542 
they crossed the State of Mississippi from the southeast to the 
northwest corner, and there reached the great river, at about 
the thirty-fifth degree of latitude, or the boundary line of 
Mississippi and Tennessee. It was a marvel to them — the 
grandest stream of fresh water that their eyes had ever seen; 
and one of the party has recorded that "the river was more 
than half a league over, and very swift." A great cross was 
erected on the shore in token of the religion of the Spaniards. 
But toil and disappointments at last made De Soto fail. He 
died, and to prevent the Indians from knowing of it, and from 
desecrating the grave, at dead of night his body was lowered 
into the depths of the mighty river, and there it sunk from view 
forever. The remaining members of the party made their way 
home in the course of another year. 




DE SOTO DISCOVERING THE MISSISSIPPI. 



AGRICULTURE. 



'T^HE great agricultural interests of the country are to be recog- 
-*- nized in this Exposition on a grander scale than they have 
ever been before. The building provided for them is a triumph 
of beauty and art, and every advantage has been given to the 
department. Its chief is one of the best qualified of all con- 
nected with the Exposition. The building stands very near 
the shore of Lake Michigan. Its longest dimensions are east 
and west. For a single story structure, the design is bold and 
heroic. On either side of fhe main entrance are mammoth 
Corinthian pillars, fifty feet high and five feet in diameter. 
All through the main vestibule is statuary illustrative of the 
agricultural industry. Similar designs of an elaborate char- 
acter are grouped about in all of the grand entrances. The 
corner pavilions are surmounted by domes q6 feet high, and 
above these, tower groups of statuary. The design of these 
domes is that of three female figures, of herculean propor- 
tions, supporting a mammoth globe. High above all, on the 
center dome, is poised the noted statue of Diana, from 
the Madison Square Garden, in New York, balanced so 
perfectly that, although it weighs several tons, it is yet a 
weather vane, and turns with the slightest breeze. To the 



southward of the Agricultural building is another spacious 
structure, designed for the use of the farmers and live-stock 
men of the country, to be used as an Assembly Hall. On 
the first floor is a bureau of information; committee and other 
rooms for different live-stock associations, and also large and 
handsomely equipped waiting-rooms. Broad stairways lead 
from the first floor into the assembly-room, which has a seat- 
ing capacity of about one thousand. Granges, farmers' alli- 
ances and other rural organizations are provided for in this 
building. The assembly-room furnishes a place for lectures, 
which are delivered frequently by men prominent in their own 
line of work, embracing every interest connected with live-stock, 
agriculture and allied industries. A great advancement has 
been made since the Centennial at Philadelphia in all branches 
of farm work. Since that time the Department of Agriculture 
has been given a place in the President's cabinet ; experi- 
mental stations in many regions have worked and prospered ; 
irrigation, road improving, tree planting, and the beet-sugar 
industry have been attracting much attention, and now in this 
magnificent edifice are displayed the results of the advance 
in these and a thousand other branches of agricultural science. 



AGRICULTURE. 




Total Area, Eighteen Acres. Cost, $620,000. 

Dimensions, Main Building, 500 x 800 Feet. Annex, 300 x 550 Feet. 

Assembly Hall, etc., 450 x 500 Feet. 



THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS. 



A FTER the eventful voyage of Columbus which resulted in the 
■^^ discovery, it is doubtful if there is a single incident in 
American history which is so generally known to every American 
as the landing of the Pilgrim fathers. It has been immortalized in 
prose and verse, music and the drama, and in art. The theme 
is worthy the pen or the brush of a genius. It marked the con- 
secration of this continent to freedom of conscience and wor- 
ship, and resistance to the tyranny of an oppressive monarch. 
The colonists were originally from Scrooby, a village in Not- 
tinghamshire, England, and had gone from there to Amsterdam 
and Leyden to secure that liberty for which they afterwards sought 
in America. Their worldly circumstances were not of the kind 
to make them happy in the Dutch cities, among strangers, so it 
was decided to secure a charter and go far across the sea to 
make for themselves a new home. Years of effort failed to in- 
duce the King of England to grant them such a charter as they 
required, so, at last, despairing of waiting any longer, they made 
up their minds to emigrate at all hazards. Two vessels, the 
Speedwell and the Mayflower, were procured, and on the 23rd 
of July, 1620, they started from Delft-Haven to Southampton. 
The Speedwell proved unseaworthy, and a month was spent in 



fruitless efforts to get away, but at last, on the 6th of September, 
the Mayflower made a successful departure from Plymouth 
alone, carrying besides her crew, 102 persons for the new 
colony. It was sixty-five days before they saw land again, and 
then only after a passage so rough that at times they expected 
to be lost. They sighted Cape Cod on the gth of November, 
and from that date till the middle of December, they cruised 
up and down the coast and sent out exploring parties to 
find the best place for a settlement. The landing of the 
Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock is of somewhat uncertain date. 
The date which we celebrate, December 22, is not right, and 
indeed it is difficult to say which is the worthier of the 
claims for the correct day. On Monday, December 11, an 
exploring party of seventeen men landed on the Plymouth 
shore. That incident, which was by the new style chronology 
December 21, is the one we erroneously celebrate on the 
22nd. But it was not until Christmas day, or by new style, 
January 4, 162 1, that the passengers from the ship, including 
the first of the women, really landed on Plymouth Rock. 
But the significance of the event will never be lost, though 
calendars fail to identify dates. 



THE PALACE OF ART. 



/^F all the beautifol structures of the " White City," the one 
^^ which has received the most uniform praise, unanimous in 
fact, for the architectural merit of the design, is the one which is 
known as the Palace of Fine Arts. Leaders in the profession of 
architecture have united to give to it unstinted praise. It was 
planned by Charles B. Atwood, of New York, the designer-in- 
chief of the Exposition. The exterior is of the pure Ionic style, 
the details having been carried out in the strictest and most 
academical manner. The proportion of the various divisions 
of the work was adapted from those of the famous temple of 
the Erectheum at Athens, but the composition of the general 
masses of the building was treated with freedom after the man- 
ner of the Academic des Beaux Arts. The walls are of brick 
and the roof construction is of iron, thus reducing to a minimum 
all risk of harm to the art treasures which are displayed there. 
In the colonnades and great entrance loggias are sculptured friezes 
after the manner of the frieze of the Parthenon at Athens. On 
the attic story of the great entrances are heroic statues in full 
relief against the pilasters, representing the arts and sciences. 
Between these, in the panels, are portrait busts of the masters 
of art, while crowning the dome of the main pavilion is a great 



winged figure following the fashion of the Victory of Samo- 
thrace. All about the exterior colonnade are replicas in large 
size of the most celebrated antiques. The interior of the main 
pavilion contains a court loo feet wide, running north and 
south, and crossing one of the same dimensions, running east 
and west. All the sculptural display is arranged on the 
ground floor of these great courts. Around these courts 
run galleries, 24 feet above the floor and 20 feet wide, and 
lighted by great central skylights. Under these galleries, in 
alcoves, are displayed bas-reliefs and casts of architectural 
remains. In the gallery floor, on the walls and on cross 
screens are displayed all the architectural plans, the etch- 
ings, photographs and prints, which are shown in the build- 
ing. The picture galleries are all arranged in the four angles 
of the building. They are 30 feet in height, and average 30 x 60 
feet of floor space. In the annexes, the easterly pavilion is 
entirely occupied with the French collection, and the American 
section is in the angle of the main structure, adjoining. The 
westerly pavilion is occupied by several of the foreign peoples, 
who show smaller collections. Each annex has a central dome, 
about 50 feet in diameter. 




' i^ ^ 'M'^BBH' " 



~rVT 



ART. 



i^^^^^^^ 




::$S^l 



Total Area, Five Acres. Cost, $670,000. 
Dimensions, 320x500 Feet. Two Annexes, 120x200 Feet. 



SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



/^UR national life was brought into existence with the passage 
^-"^ of the resolution by the Continental Congress that " These 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and inde- 
pendent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to 
the British Crown, and that all political connection between 
them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally 
dissolved." That resolution was passed July 2, 1776. Nothing 
was done with haste that might be considered unseemly in such 
an event. On the 7th of June, Richard Henry Lee had offered 
resolutions before the Continental Congress that a plan of con- 
federation should be formed and independence declared. There 
was full and free discussion of the plan, and as it became evident 
that the resolution would be passed, that no time might be lost, a 
committee was formed to draft a declaration. The members 
were Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger 
Sherman and R. R. Livingston. The declaration was reported, 
and after discussion and postponement it was passed, every 
colony voting in its favor except New York, whose delegates, 
being still uninstructed, did not vote at all. The accompanying 
view of the signing is taken from a noted painting. It was 
there that John Hancock wrote his name, as he said, " so large 



that King George could read it without his spectacles; " and it 
was there that another of the patriots said, " If we do not all 
hang together, we will most surely all hang separately." 

Of the event itself Adams said in a letter to his wife: "But 
the day is past. The second day of July, 1776, will be the most 
memorable day in the history of America. I am apt to believe 
that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the 
great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as 
the day of deliverance by solemn acts of devotion to God 
Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, 
with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires and illumina- 
tions, from one end of this continent to the other, from this 
time forward, forevermore." Thus far the event has been cele- 
brated as Adams said it should be, but on the wrong day; for 
the resolution passed on the 2nd was the formal declaration of 
independence, while the one of the 4th was the declarations of 
the reasons for establishing an independent government. The 
passing and signing of the Declaration of Independence formed 
an epochal event in the history of this nation, the influence of 
which is the most constant in our lives of anything in all 
history. Its importance cannot be exaggerated. 




SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



FISHERIES. 




EACH of the Exposition structures seems to be in some one 
thing the greatest of all. The distinguishing characteristic 
of the buildmg which is devoted to the display of fish and 
fisheries, is its unconventionalism, its oddity, if you please. It 
is safe to say that its design will attract the attention of more of 
the lay visitors during the Fair than will any of its competitors. 
This does not mean that it is lacking in architectural dignity 
and merit, for its severest critics in the profession have been 
the most liberal in their compliments of its real poetry of 
design. It is situated on a curved peninsula opposite the Gov- 
ernment building, from which it is separated by the lagoon. 
The structure follows the curve of the peninsula in its plan. 
It is composed of three parts : a main building and two 
annexes, the latter joined to the former, one at each extremity, 
by a curved arcade. The main building is provided with two 
great entrances in the center of the long sides. These entrances 
are by pavilions 102 feet long, projecting beyond the line 
of the main building and flanked at either corner by cir- 
cular towers. The great pediment over the south entrance is 
filled with sculpture, the subject being a scene of whale-fishing. 
The angles are surmounted by statues representing fishers 



casting the spear, throwing the handline, and holding the finny 
prey. The type which the building copies is the Spanish 
Romanesque, and all the details are worked out in a realistic 
way, after marine forms. The pillars and arches of the colon- 
nades of the building, for instance, are richly and ingeniously 
decked with turtles, crabs, lobsters and fish of various kinds, 
and this is done so that the eiifect is uniformly beautiful. The 
delicate open work of the gallery displays thousands of 
varied groupings of fish. Fish culture in all its branches 
is displayed here. Great aquariums of fresh and salt water, 
some holding 27,000 gallons, show living fish of every kind 
possible to secure. Fossil forms of marine life, strange things 
so rare as to be almost extinct, all are shown here. There 
are also interesting exhibits of the fisheries industries — 
the sardine of France, the cod of Newfoundland, and the 
salmon of Washington, all being exhibited from start to finish 
of their commercial career. And in addition to all these 
things, there are exhaustive displays of all kinds of anglers' 
implements from every country; and on the banks of the lagoon 
which faces the building, they are all put in operation for 
the pleasure of the visitor. 




KISHERIES. 







:^/# 



Total Area, Five Acres. Cost, $200,000. 

Dimensions, 2CO x 1100 Feet. 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEAM NAVIGATION. 



/^CEAN greyhounds to-day steam from New York to Liverpool 
^-^ in six days, and nothing is thought of it. Columbus sailed 
for seventy days from Palos pier before the sight of land gladdened 
his eyes. The enormous development of the art of navigation 
has, in great degree, been American. There was a time when 
the clipper ships of this country carried the flag to every part 
of the globe; when American whalers covered the north seas, 
and when American sailors were the best in the world. And 
we yet hope to see a revival of those days when America 
was supreme in the carrying trade of the world. Within a few 
months we have seen the transfer of one of the grandest steam- 
ers on the seas from the British to the American flag. It is the 
New York, the picture of which is on an opposite page. From 
that vessel to the first steamer of Robert Fulton, the inventor, 
is a long look backward. They were American inventors who 
devoted their attention to the efforts to drive boats by steam; and 
the experiments were discouraged by almost everyone. At the 
beginning of the century, the most noted engineer in the country 
expressed his regret that American inventors waste so much time 
in futile efforts to drive boats by steam, instead of turning their 
attention to the improvement of the steam engine for its work on 



land. The first successful experiment was made in this country. 
In the summer of 1807, a boat called the Clermont made the trip 
from New York to Albany in thirty-two hours, and the return trip 
in thirty. This was at the rate of five miles an hour, and won 
many to believe in the success of the affair; but it was not until 
1812 that a steamboat navigated the waters of the Ohio. 

In 1818, there were regular passenger boats on Lake Erie, 
and the next year was the date of the first trans-Atlantic passage. 
Moses Rogers, of New London, Connecticut, in command of the 
ship Savannah, of 300 tons, sailed and steamed — for he used 
both sails and wheels — from New York to Savannah, and thence 
to Liverpool. The voyage across the ocean was made in twenty- 
five days. The Savannah had been built in New York, and her 
engines were made at Morristown, New Jersey. The voyage 
of the ship and its return to America attracted little atten- 
tion, and it was not repeated for twenty years. Then came 
an immense awakening of industry, and from that time the 
growth of the steam traffic of the world has made rapid strides. 
Ocean steamers of to-day are floating palaces, and an ocean 
voyage has not as much terror for the traveler now as a twenty- 
mile journey a hundred years ago. 




fiVoLE Bros ciiicnoo 



THE CLERMONT. 

FULTON'S FIRST STEAMBOAT ON THE HUDSON. 



THE NEW YORK. 



THE NAVAL EXHIBIT. 



T^XCEPT the Department of the Navy, all the great depart- 
^ ments of the United States display their work and exhibits in 
the U. S. Government building. That great department, which 
of late years the country is glad to see becoming a reality, very 
properly shows its exhibit in a structure built to represent a 
genuine battleship. Millions of Americans who live far within 
the interior of the country have never seen a battleship, and this 
opportunity to see the perfect representation of one is a great 
pleasure to them. This imitation battleship of 1893 is erected 
on piling on the lake front, in the northeast portion of Jackson 
Park, adjoining the space occupied by the British government. 
The structure has all the fittings that belong to the actual ship, 
such as guns, turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets and booms, 
with boats, anchors, chain cables, davits, awnings, deck fittings, 
etc., together with all appliances for working the same. Offi- 
cers, seamen, mechanics and marines are detailed by the Navy 
Department during the Exposition, and the discipline and 
mode of life on our naval vessels are completely shown. The 
detail of men, however, is not so great as on the actual ship. 
The crew give certain drills, especially boat, torpedo and gun 
drills, as on a vessel of war. The dimensions are the same as 



are those of the actual battleship. From the water line to the top 
of the main deck is twelve feet. Centrally placed on this deck 
is a superstructure eight feet high, with a hammock berthing on 
the same seven feet high, and above these are the bridge, chart- 
house and the boats. At the forward end of the superstructure 
is a cone-shaped tower called the "military mast," near the top 
of which are placed two circular "tops" as receptacles for 
sharpshooters. Rapid firing guns are placed in each of these 
tops. The height from the water line to the top of this military 
mast is seventy-six feet, and above this is placed the flagstaff 
for signaling. The battery mounted comprises four 13-inch, 
breech-loading, rifle cannon; eight 8-inch, breech-loading, rifle 
cannon; four 6-inch, breech-loading, rifle cannon; twenty 6- 
pounder, rapid-firing guns; six i-pound, rapid-firing guns; two 
Catling guns, and six torpedo tubes or torpedo guns. All of 
these are placed and mounted as in the real battleship. On 
the starboard side of the ship is seen the torpedo protection 
net, stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches 
and cutters ride at the booms, and all the outward appearance 
of the real ship of war is imitated. The unusual character of 
the exhibit makes it a favorite with all. 



NAVAL EXHIBIT. 



.i!,l»i,ti (.i,.."i"WB«SW 




.o'Xi' .l^ts. 



ji^^Jly- 




Length, 348 Feet. Width, 69K Feet. 
(Size of actual Battleship.) 



PERRY AT LAKE ERIE. 



'X'HERE are some expressions made by men in the heat of 
^ battle or victory that have come down through history 
from many years ago, and that by the very condensation of their 
patriotism will ever be famous. Who will forget " Don't give 
up the ship;" or, "If any man attempts to haul down the 
American flag, shoot him on the spot;" or, "I propose to fight 
it out on this line if it takes all summer?" And so of all of them, 
that which was sent from the scene of battle depicted on the 
opposite page is one of the most inspiring and one of the 
most notable. Caesar said, "Veni, vidi, vici;" Wellington tele- 
graphed, "Cantharides; " our own Commodore Perry announced 
a victory in a dispatch which he sent to General Harrison that 
was almost as terse. The circumstances were these: War 
with England was in progress, and the land campaigns of the 
year 1813 had not been favorable to, our arms. It was felt 
necessary that some victory should be won to revive the hope 
that was at times almost discouraged. Perry was the man to 
win the victory. He was placed in command of a squadron at 
Presq' Isle, now Erie, early in June, and by August was afloat 
with ten vessels, carrying fifty-five guns, with which to go in 
search of the British fleet of six vessels with sixty-five guns. 



On the tenth of September, while at anchor in Put-in-Bay, the 
enemy was seen approaching, and Perry made ready for 
battle. In the earlier hours of the struggle, the fortune of war 
seemed to be with the enemy. They concentrated their fire 
on the American flag-ship, Lawrence, with terrible effect, and 
soon reduced her to a wreck. Perry made the best of his way 
to the Niagara, and by great effort closed up his line. The 
tide of battle suddenly turned. In attempting to form a 
new line of battle the British squadron was thrown into some 
confusion, and the Niagara, favored by a sudden breeze, sailed 
through it, delivering broadsides right and left. Then, luffing 
across their bows, she raked two or three of them, while 
the small vessels came up and poured in grape and canis- 
ter. Twenty minutes of this work decided the contest, and 
the whole British fleet surrendered. Perry's dispatch to Gen- 
eral Harrison simply said: "We have met the enemy, and 
they are ours: two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one 
sloop!" 

This glowing success revived the drooping fortunes and 
spirits of the Americans, and with renewed energy the war 
was prosecuted until it resulted in victory and peace. 




PERRY AT LAKE ERIE. 

'WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY AND THEV ARE OURS." ETC. 



MINING. 



CEVERAL of the great structures of the World's Fair are 
^ notable as being the first ever erected at any International 
Exposition for the purposes for which they are used. One of 
these is the building for the exhibit of Mines and Mining. As 
this nation is the most fruitful in minerals of all lands, it is 
appropriate that one of the finest of the Exposition structures 
should be devoted to this purpose, and that this should be the 
first time when such attention is paid to the great mining 
mdustries. The building is located at the south end of the 
western lagoon, and between the buildings of Transportation 
and Electricity. Its architecture has its inspiration in early 
Itahan renaissance, with which sufficient liberty is taken to 
invest the building with the animation that should characterize 
a great general exposition. There is a decided French spirit 
manifested in the exterior design, but it is kept well subordi- 
nated. In plan it is simple and straightforward. On the 
ground floor are spacious vestibules, restaurants, toilet rooms, 
etc., in addition to the great main exhibit hall. The galleries are 
60 feet wide and 25 feet above the ground floor, and are lighted 
on the sides by large windows, and from above by a high clere- 
story, extending around the building. The allegorical figure over 



the main doorway is eminently fitting as a classical representation 
of the great industry, to which the edifice is dedicated. Mining 
is represented as a colossal, half-reclining female figure, in 
Greek drapery, holding aloft in one hand a lamp to guide the 
miner, and in the other a pick. The figure was designed by 
Richard W. Bock. This building was the first of the Exposi- 
tion structures to be begun, and the first finished. It has addi- 
tional interest from the fact that it is the first building ever 
constructed in which the roof is supported by cantilever trusses. 
In that it marks an era in great roof building. In no other 
department, of the Fair is shown a greater diversity of exhibits 
than in the Mines and Mining building. Not only is there a 
dazzling array of diamonds, opals, emeralds and other gems, 
and of the precious metals, but a most extensive collection of 
iron, copper, lead, and other ores and of their products; of coal, 
granite, marble and sandstones; of soils, salt and petroleum, 
and indeed of everything useful or beautiful produced from 
the mineral kingdom. The exhibition of mineral resources and 
products, not only of this country as a whole, but of each State 
and section, as well as of foreign countries, is of the most com- 
plete and representative description. 



NIININQ. 




Area, Nearly Six Acres. Cost, $265,000 
Dimensions, 350 x 700 Feet. 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY SYSTEMS. 



T^HE minds of the younger generation of Americans, cannot 
conceive of a country without railroads, so intimately are 
the thousand of miles of the "iron trails" connected with all the 
development and all the prosperity and later history of the 
country. And yet the life of the railroad is still young, and its 
history can be written in brief. The first timid exj)eriment in 
railroads was a tramway in Quincy, Mass., built in 1826. It 
was run by horses, but was the germ of a mighty movement in 
this country. The first railway in America for passengers and 
traffic, the Baltimore & Ohio, was chartered by the Maryland 
Legislature in March, 1827. The capital stock at first was only 
a half a million dollars, and a portion of it was subscribed by 
the State, and by the city of Baltimore. Horses were its motive 
power even after sixty-five miles of the road were built. But 
in 1829, Peter Cooper of New York, built a locomotive in Balti- 
more which weighed one ton and made eighteen miles an hour 
on a trial trip to Ellicott's Mills. In 1830 there were twenty- 
three miles of railway in the United States, which was increased 
the next year to ninety-five, in 1835 to 1098, and five years later 
to nearly 3,000. That is an index of the growth that has char- 
acterized the same industry ever since the first. 



The views on the opposite page are the pictorial repre- 
sentation of the strongest of contrasts — that between the 
locomotive and train of the first successful American railway, 
and one of the magnificent trains of the Wabash in 1893. One 
is the beginning, the other is the culmination of luxurious rapid 
travel. From electric headlight to rear platform, these Wabash 
trains are a compendium of all that is comfortable and safe in 
railway appliances. The locomotives are of the best modern 
construction, their baggage facilities are noted for the per- 
fection of their arrangements for the convenience of travel- 
ers; finest smoking cars and day coaches, with free reclining 
chair cars are to be found on all through trains; while the 
dining car service has won a reputation that is remarkable 
for its elegant meals and service, and after a luxurious din- 
ner, and a pleasant smoke, the sleeping car invites to per- 
fect rest and repose. The road-bed of this line is of the best; 
the grades and curves are light; the lines direct; the time tables 
schedule fast time, and what is better, the schedule is adhered 
to; so what else can be desired by the most carping tourist? 
The universal satisfaction which travelers feel towards the road, 
is testified by the ever increasing traffic that comes to it. 




CHfCAdO 



THE FIRST RAILROAD TRAIN IN AMERICA, 1827. 



THE WABASH, 1893. 



TRANSPORTATION. 



'T^HE complete history of transportation, two notable contrasts 
-*■ of which are exemplified on the previous page, is illustrated 
in the great building called Transportation, another of the 
"first ones" which are so numerous in this Exposition. Of the 
building itself, the leading architectural characteristics disclose 
simplicity of design, harmonious structural effects, and dignity 
of massive proportion, relieved by richly ornate details. At 
the center it is surmounted by a cupola 165 feet high, which 
affords an extensive view of grounds, lake, and surrounding 
country. This point of observation is reached by eight eleva- 
tors (the only department building thus provided), which of 
themselves properly form a part of the transportation exhibits, 
and are run for the use of the public. The central court is abund- 
antly lighted from a clerestory above. The grand portal on 
the east front, facing the lagoon, consists of a series of receding 
arches, entirely overlaid with gold leaf. It has been termed 
"The Golden Door," but this hardly conveys an adequate idea 
of its splendor. The exterior arch overhead is ornamented 
with striking allegorical figures and groups in bas-relief. On 
one side appears in panel an original study in ancient trans- 
portation, and on the other the palatial accessories of modern 



railway travel. With this building is an annex, measuring 425 
by goo feet, and having an area of nearly nine acres. The 
exhibit of the history of transportation begins with vehicles 
as rude as the dugout of the savage and the chair on which 
the guides of the Andes transport travelers on their backs. 
It is crowned with the marvels of modern railroads, the best 
equipment that great lines like the Wabash can boast. As 
the chief of the department is fond of saying, "It contains 
everything from a tin toy wagon to a mogul locomotive." Of 
course, transportation on land and sea are given equal promi- 
nence. Rafts, log boats, dugouts, skin canoes, bark canoes, 
gondolas, sail boats, the caravels of Columbus, the racing 
yacht and the clipper ship, the modern transatlantic liner, 
all are shown either by model or in full size. And for land 
transportation we have the sedan chair, the elephant howdah, 
carts, wagons and stage-coaches from every land, the earhest 
development of railroads, and the modern locomotive, dining 
car and palace car such as the Wabash uses. Bicycles, balloons 
and all such things are fully represented. This great structure 
is painted a Venetian red, and is the only variation in the color 
of the large buildings in the "White City." 



TRANSPORTATION. 




Area, Six Acres. Cost, $300,000. 

Dimensions, 250 x 960 Feet. 



ELECTRICITY. 



CIDE BY SIDE with the advance of steam has been the 
advance of electricity. Now it is forging ahead. Men who 
have done what wizards might be proud to do, have snatched 
the hghtning from the clouds, have chained and harnessed it, 
have tamed it and called it servant ! It is an age of wonders, 
and no longer is the world amazed when something is done 
that but a few centuries ago would have sent the doer to a 
witch's doom. There have been epochs in the application of 
the powers of electricity. One was when Benjamin Franklin, 
printer, philosopher, statesman and scientist, sailed his silken 
kite into the air and toying with the thunders of heaven, proved 
by a flash from a key the identity of lightning and electricity. 
The second epoch was the time when communications were 
first flashed over a wire by means of the same subtile fluid. 
In 1840 S. F. B. Morse, of New York, obtained a patent for 
an apparatus by which an instantaneous communication could 
be carried over wires for any distance by electricity. Four years 
afterward an experimental line was erected between Baltimore 
and Washington, and its success put the invention into imme- 
diate practical use. The first message sent over the wire was 
" What hath God wrought !" 



The third of the great milestones that mark the progress of 
electrical science, was the successful laying of the Atlantic 
cable. Cyrus W. Field had devoted several years of effort 
and much money to the advancement of the plan for a cable 
from America to England, and though the first suggestion 
was overwhelmed with sneers, it was an ultimate success. In 
1866 a strong and flexible cable was shipped on board the 
Great Eastern, which, after a prosperous voyage, arrived at 
Heart's Content, Newfoundland. It then returned to the 
mid-Atlantic, where the end of the cable which had been 
laid in 1865 was grappled and a splice was made. There are 
now several across the Atlantic, and others to almost every 
country on the globe. Now, of later years, the inventions in 
the science of electricity have multiplied so fast that one can 
scarcely follow them. We have the incandescent and arc 
light, the telephone, the phonograph, and many of less im- 
portance but no less interest. Inventors, of whom Edison is 
the most famous, are keeping their laboratories busy in the 
search for new marvels. It is promised by them that the 
World's Fair shall be a culmination of everything that is 
wonderful in the realm of captured lightning. 




ELECTRICITY. 



THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 



TT has been the idea of the Exposition management to make 
of the whole Fair a wonderful exemplification of the advance 
of electricity. With that in view the 700 acres of Jackson Park 
display at every turn some portion of what might be considered 
the electrical exhibit. But the building specially devoted to 
this display, containing with its galleries nine acres of floor 
space, is the Mecca for more visitors than any other of the 
great structures. Practical appliances in electricity were 
almost introduced to the world at the Philadelphia Centennial, 
and the greatest portion of the advance in invention of fine 
electrical instruments of all kinds has been made in the seven- 
teen years since then. Consequently the world is less familiar 
with that science and more interested to learn of it than of any 
other of the great departments, interesting as they all are. 
The exterior walls of the building are composed of a continuous 
Corinthian order of pilasters, supporting a full entablature and 
resting on a stylobate. At each of the four corners of the 
building is a pavilion, above which rises a light open tower or 
spire, i6g feet high. Intermediate between these corner pavil- 
ions and the central pavilions on the west and east sides is a 
subordinate pavilion bearing a low, square dome upon an open 



lantern. The building has an open portico extending along 
the whole of the south facade, the lower, or Ionic, order forming 
an open screen in front of it. Richness is a characteristic of 
the building. The pediments, friezes, panels and spandrels 
have received a decoration of figures in relief, the general 
tendency of which is to illustrate the purposes of the building. 
The appearance of the exterior of the building is that of mar- 
ble, but the walls of the hemicycle and of the various porticos 
and loggia are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these 
places being decorated with scagliola and the capitals with 
effects in bronze. A great statue of Benjamin Franklin, by the 
sculptor Carl Rohl-Smith, stands in front of the entrance to 
the building. A dozen great firms which manufacture and sell 
electrical apparatus have vied with each other to contest for 
supremacy of magnificence in their exhibits here. Hundreds 
of thousands of incandescent lights are placed liarmoniously 
about the grounds. Every system of electric lighting is shown. 
The long distance transmission of power is shown in the highest 
developed state. Electric railways of all systems are provided. 
There are weeks of sightseeing for the visitor in this building, 
if he has the time to spend. 



ELECXRICIXY. 




Area, Six Acres. Cost, S400,ooo. 
Dimensions, 351 x 767 Feet. 



SCOTT AND MEXICO. 



IX/rEXICO and the United States to-day are sister republics. 
^^■^ Once they were enemies and at war. As in every other 
war of our history, in this one there was a strong peace party, 
who condemned the declaration of war and the motives which 
they claimed lead to the commencement of hostilities. But in 
spite of the accusations of political influence, the war was fought 
to its conclusion — an overwhelming victory for the troops of the 
United States. The two great commanders who made fame dur- 
ing this war were Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. The first 
engagements of the fight were those while the army was under 
the command of Taylor. But later the Government at Wash- 
ington indicated that it considered his manner of conducting 
the war too conciliatory, and so General Scott was sent to take 
chief command. Under Taylor, among more noted battles, had 
been fought those of Resaca de la Palma, Monterey and others. 
Col. Phillip Kearney, Gen. John C. Fremont and Commodore 
Stockton conducted brilliant operations in the far West, Cali- 
fornia and New Mexico. Scott took command in January, 
1847, and without great delay fought the battle of Buena Vista. 
Then followed the siege and capture of Vera Cruz, and the army 
began its march towards the City of Mexico. The capital was 



two hundred miles distant, but Scott started for it as soon as he 
received the necessary supplies. Cerro Gordo was the first 
battle that interrupted him. At Contreras he was again inter- 
cepted, and another battle followed. Immediately after came 
the battle of Cherubusco. Then in rapid succession came the 
battle of Molino del Rey and the siege and capture of the 
castle at Chapultepec. The attack on the castle was made on 
September 13, and after a terrible fight it was taken. The 
enemy gave way everywhere and the Americans pursued them 
into the city. Night fell, but the citadel was yet unconquered. 
The Mexicans held a council of war and decided to withdraw 
the army from the city, liberate the convicts, arm them, and 
urge everyone to fight from the house tops. So when morning 
dawned the Americans found that the army of the enemy was 
gone, but in its place were gangs of convicts, deserters, robbers 
and thugs, fighting from the house-tops by hurling paving 
stoaes down on the passers-by. Artillery was turned upon the 
houses, and the desperate people soon submitted. By the 15th 
of September, 1848, the city was quiet and in the possession 
of the Americans. Then came the treaty which ended the war. 
There had not been an American defeat of any importance. 




SCOTT AND MEXICO. 



THE Vi/OMAN'S BUILDING. 



TN no previous Exposition has the work of woman had given to 
it such complete recognition as in the World's Columbian 
Exposition. A national body of women, placed in charge of the 
interests of women, has carried to splendid results the move- 
ment to show how true it is that this is woman's century. The 
beautiful building, in which will be shown certain portions of 
the work of the women of the world, was designed by an archi- 
tect who is a woman, and its decoration, assignment and man- 
agement from the first has been entirely under the control of 
that sex. A prize was offered for the best design submitted by 
any woman architect for the building, and Miss Sophia G. 
Hayden of Boston was awarded the palm. The principal fa9ade 
has an extreme length of 400 feet, the depth of the building being 
half this distance. Italian renaissance is the style selected. 
The first story is raised about ten feet from the ground line, 
and a wide staircase leads to the center pavilion. This 
pavilion, forming the main triple-arched entrance, with an open 
colonnade in the second story, is finished with a low pedi- 
ment, enriched with a highly elaborate bas-relief. The corner 
pavilions have each an open colonnade added above the main 
cornice. Here are located the "hanging gardens." A wide lobby 



leads into the open rotunda, which reaches through the height of 
the building, and is protected by a richly ornamented skylight. 
This rotunda is surrounded by a two-story open arcade, as 
delicate and chaste in design as the exterior, the whole having 
a thoroughly Italian court-yard effect, admitting abundance of 
light to all rooms facing this interior space. On the first floor 
are located, on the left hand, a model hospital; on the right, a 
model kindergarten. The whole floor of the south pavilion is 
devoted to the retrospective exhibit, the one on the north to 
reform work and charity organization. Each of these floors is 
80 x 200 feet. The curtain opposite the main front contains the 
library, bureau of information, records, etc. In the second story 
are located ladies' parlors, committee rooms, and dressing rooms, 
all leading to the open balcony in front. The whole second 
floor of the north pavilion incloses the great assembly-room 
and club room. The first of these is provided with an elevated 
stage for speakers. The south pavilion contains the model 
kitchen, refreshment rooms, reception rooms, and other home- 
like arrangements. The women of the country are justly proud 
of the structure which is devoted to their uses, and it is a most 
popular rendezvous for them at all times. 



WOiS^AN'S EXHIBIT. 



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Area, Two Acres. Cost, $120,000. 

Dimensions. 200 x 4.00 Feet. 



EMANCIPATION. 



T7REEDOM by inheritance we all prize as a treasure, and yet we 
know nothing of the pangs of bondage. How much greater 
the prize must seem to the thousands and millions who were once 
in bondage and are now free. They know in truth the measure of 
their fortune. The symbolical view on the opposite page is one 
to stir the hearts of millions. The contrasts in it are strongly 
marked. At the right stands a muscular specimen of the Afro- 
American race. Tatters cannot hide the manly grace of the pose. 
Far in the sky above and before him he has seen the word "Free- 
dom" glowing before his eyes like the first rays of the sun after 
a night of terror. The sight seems to have been an inspiration 
to him. With a mighty effort he has taken a stride forward, 
has flung out his arms to grasp the promise, and at that instant 
the shackles from arms and legs, that have bound him from 
infancy, are shattered and cast aside. And so there he stands 
for the first time in his life a free man, with all that the word 
implies, shining from his face and showing from his manner. 

But the shackles were too strong and the serf too crushed by 
the weight of years of oppression that he could by his own 
efforts release himself. A liberator was at hand when the 
hour came. Abraham Lincoln, enshrined in the heart of every 



negro, was the man of courage and wisdom and heart for the 
task. A man of the people, he rose from the ranks to the high- 
est office in the gift of the world, the Presidency of the greatest 
Repubhc. He had been a laborer, a lawyer, and then a states- 
man; and, when a man was sought to take the helm of the 
Government in the most trying hour of the voyage of the ship of 
State, he was called to the task, and he never shirked it. What- 
ever his hand found to do he did with all his might. But he was 
wise, and he bided his time. Impatient ones urged that he 
should wait no time but hasten to release the slaves. Lincoln 
knew better — that he must delay until the effect would be strongest 
against the enemies of his country, and the enforcement of the 
order most practicable. Late in the fall of 1862 the President an- 
nounced that if the war was still in progress on the first of January, 
he would then declare all the slaves free. The warning passed 
unheeded, and on the first of January, 1863, he issued a proclama- 
tion for the emancipation of some 3,000,000 slaves, and announced 
that black men would be enlisted in the army and navy. The 
final victories of the Union forces and the passage of the 
Constitutional amendment completed the work, and from ihaX 
day there have been no slaves in the United States of America. 




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EMANCIPATION. 



HORTICULTURE. 



"pVERY World's Fair has been the occasion of great display 
by florists and horticulturists of the treasures which they col- 
lect and rear. There have also been numerous exhibitions in many 
countries where the display was exclusively of this character. 
But it is to be doubted if any predecessor has ever equaled 
the great World's Columbian Exposition in the horticultural 
department. The Horticultural Building, which is pictured on 
the opposite page, is a magnificent edifice of glass and iron, a 
veritable crystal palace, which rises with white walls out of the 
green sward of the surrounding lawns like a marble temple. 
This building is situated immediately south of the entrance to 
Jackson Park from Midway Plaisance, and faces east on the 
lagoon. In front is a flower terrace for outside exhibits, includ- 
ing tanks for nympheas and the Victoria Regia. The plan is 
a central pavilion with two end pavilions, each connected to 
the center pavilion with a front and rear curtain, forming two 
interior courts, each 88 x 270 feet. The center pavilion is roofed 
by a crystal dome, 187 feet in diameter and 113 feet high, under 
which are exhibited the tallest palms, bamboos and tree ferns that 
could be procured. There is a gallery in each of the pavihons. 
The galleries of the end pavilions are used for cafes, the situation 



and the surroundings being particularly well adapted to recrea- 
tion and refreshment. These cafes are surrounded by an arcade 
on three sides, from which charming views of the grounds may be 
obtained. In this building are varieties of flowers, plants, seeds, 
vines, horticultural implements, etc. Those exhibits requiring 
sunshine and light are shown in the rear curtains, where the 
roof is entirely of glass, and not too far removed from the 
plants. The front curtains and under the galleries are designed 
for the exhibits that require only an ordinary amount of light. 
Provision is made to heat such parts as require it. One of the 
beautiful effects produced in this building comes from the min- 
iature mountain, 70 feet high in the center, upon which giant 
tree-ferns, palms and other vegetation grow. A mountain stream 
flashes down from one declivity to another, and plays hide-and- 
seek among the foliage. Beneath this mountain is a cave, 80 
feet in diameter and 60 feet high, brilliantly lighted by elec- 
tricity, where, during the Fair, test is. being made whether 
plants will grow as well under electric light as under sunlight. 
On the roof of the building, around the central dome, an elabo- 
rate display of roof-gardening is made. This whole palace of 
green is a bower of beauty. 



HORTICULTURE. 




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Area, Six Acres. Cost, $300,000. 
Dimensions, 250 « 1000 Feet. 



COIMPLETION OF THE UNION PACIFIC RAILWAY. 



"P AST AND WEST were linked at last by the completion of the 
Pacific Railway, one of the greatest engineering achieve- 
ments of history, as well as one of the greatest of events measured 
by its influence upon the development and settlement of our 
country. The difficulty of communication between the Pacific 
coast and the States further east, during the war of the Rebellion 
had evidenced to the people of the United States, the strong 
necessity for some means of rapid transit. For many years 
surveys had been in progress, and at last construction was begun. 
The road was built from the West and from the East at the same 
time, and from both ends it was pushed to completion as rapidly as 
possible, towards the point of junction in the middle. The western 
terminus of the road was to be at San Francisco, and the eastern 
at Omaha, to which point there were already railroads built from 
the east. The road in the course of its progress from the Pacific 
coast eastward crosses nine mountain ranges. It was completed 
on May lo, i86q, at Promontory Point, Utah. The last tie of laurel 
wood, with a plate of silver upon it, was laid, and the last spike, 
composed of iron, silver and gold, was driven in the presence of 
many onlookers. The telegraph wires were attached to the last 
rail, and the blows telegraphed to many parts of the continent 



the completion of the road. The total length of the road is two 
thousand miles, and its cost was one hundred and twelve million, 
two hundred and fifty-nine thousand, three hundred and sixty 
dollars. From Omaha to Ogden, Utah, it is called the Union 
Pacific, and from that place to Oakland, which is opposite San 
Francisco on the bay, it is called the Central Pacific. The 
ceremonies attending the completion of the road were elaborate. 
Civilization met savagery, for there were present many Indians 
who marvelled at the works of their white brothers. Religious 
services were held, and the occasion will forever be considered 
a memorable one. Railroad growth has been enormous in this 
country since that time, and there are now about 175,000 miles 
of road in operation. The increase in some years has been 
more than 11,000 miles. The Wabash has always taken high 
place among the roads of the country. Its territory is a rich 
one; it has made special effort to cater to the comfort and 
convenience of its passengers, and it is unsurpassed in all that 
goes to make a first-class modern railway. It is a pioneer in the 
introduction of all improvements. Its service of thiough cars 
extends over a great portion of the country, and its connecting 
roads are always the most desirable. 




DRIVING THE LAST SPIKE ON THE UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD. 



MACHINERY HALL. 



/^NE of the most ornate of all the Exposition structures, and 
^^ the second in order of expense, is the Palace of Mechanical 
Arts, or, as it is more generally termed, the Machinery Hall. 
Like all the buildings on the grand plaza, it was designed with 
a view of making an effective background for displays of every 
kind, and in order to conform to the general richness on the 
court, and add to the festal appearance, the two fa<;ades on the 
court are enriched with colonnades and other architectural fea- 
tures. The design follows classical models throughout, the 
detail being borrowed from the renaissance of Seville and other 
Spanish towns, as being appropriate to a Columbian celebra- 
tion. The main Machinery building is spanned by three arched 
trusses, and the interior presents the appearance of three rail- 
way train houses side by side, surrounded by a fifty-foot gallery. 
In each of these three long naves there is an elevated traveling 
crane running from end to end of the building. This was useful 
in moving machinery during construction, and when the Exposi- 
tion opened, platforms were placed on them, from which a 
bird's-eye view of the whole building can be obtained. Shaft- 
ing for power is carried on the same posts which support this 
traveling bridge. An arcade on the first story permits 



passage around the building under cover. A colonnade 
with a cafe at either end forms the connection between 
the Machinery and Agricultural Halls, and in the center of this 
colonnade is an archway through which one goes to the cattle 
exhibits. From this portico there is a view of nearly a mile 
down the lagoon, ending at the Fine Arts building, while 
the southern extremity of the vista is the obelisk and fountain 
between the two buildings. Agriculture and Machinery. The 
annex to the Machinery building is very large, but very simple. 
While in its parent structure the model was a railway train 
house, in the annex the type is that of a mill or foundry. It 
is built of wood in the most simple manner Electrical power 
is used in the annex, and steam power in the main Machinery 
hall. Attached to this great annex is the power-house, conven- 
ient to the tracks for coal supply, etc., containing the immense 
display of boilers, while in the adjoining portion of the annex 
building is established the enormous plant of engines and 
dynamos. This is the largest and most interesting display of 
electrical power ever made. The exhibits in this great Machin- 
ery hall and its annex are practically inexhaustible in interest, 
and the hum and whirr and clatter of industry is endless. 



MACHINERY. 




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Total Area, Seventeen Acres. Cost, $1,200,000. 

Dimensions, 500 x 850 Feet. Annex, 490 x 550 Feet. 



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